COGNITION AND INSTRUCTION (physics),

David Hammer

Novice

Expert

Beliefs about structure

Pieces

Coherence

Formulas

Concepts

By Authority

Independent

(experiment)

Beliefs about content

Beliefs about learning

Problem-Solving Behavior

Conceptual knowledge impacts problem-solving.

Performs qualitative analysis.

Uses forward-looking concept-based strategies.

More time setting up solution, less time total.

More satisfaction.

Problem-solving independent of concepts.

Manipulates equations.

Backward-looking means-ends techniques.

Spends more time!

Gets much more frustrated!

think about science like a scientist

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